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Type 2 diabetes affects millions of people, yet many still don't fully understand what it is or how it develops. Whether you’ve been diagnosed or are supporting someone who has, this beginner’s guide will walk you through the basics, from what it is to how it can be managed.
So, what is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition where the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or doesn’t use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps control the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. When it doesn’t work as it should, blood sugar levels can become too high, which over time can lead to serious health problems if not managed.
What is the difference between Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body stops making insulin, usually starting in childhood or early adulthood. Type 2 diabetes is more common and happens when the body doesn't use insulin properly, often linked to lifestyle factors like weight, diet, and inactivity. Type 1 always needs insulin treatment, while Type 2 can often be managed with lifestyle changes and medication.
Who is more at risk?
Type 2 diabetes can affect anyone, but some people are more at risk than others due to a combination of lifestyle, genetics, and other health factors.
- If you have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes, your risk is higher.
- Risk increases with age- especially over 45. In the UK, it's more common in people over 40.
- Carrying extra weight, especially around the tummy, increases the risk.
- Lack of physical activity also plays a big role.
- High blood pressure, high cholesterol, or a history of gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) can increase the risk.
- People with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are also more at risk.
Diet and lifestyle play a major role in your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes because they directly affect your body’s ability to use insulin and control blood sugar levels.
- Unhealthy diet: Eating too much sugar, refined carbs (like white bread), and processed foods can cause blood sugar spikes and lead to weight gain, which increases insulin resistance.
- Lack of exercise: Physical inactivity can make it harder for your body to regulate blood sugar and contributes to weight gain.
- Being overweight: Especially carrying extra fat around the abdomen, increases the risk of insulin resistance — one of the main causes of Type 2 diabetes.
- Smoking and alcohol: Smoking raises blood sugar levels and increases inflammation. Drinking too much alcohol can lead to weight gain and liver issues, which also raise your risk.
Common Symptoms:
- Increased thirst (especially feeling thirsty all the time)
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Feeling very tired or low on energy
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Cuts or wounds that heal slowly
- Frequent infections, such as thrush
- Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands or feet (especially in later stages)
How to reduce risk?
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Aim for a healthy body weight, especially around your waist. Even losing 5–10% of your weight can reduce your risk.
- Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on whole foods: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. Cut down on sugar, processed foods, and sugary drinks.
- Be Physically Active: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate activity (like walking, cycling, or swimming) most days of the week. Even light daily movement helps your body use insulin better.
- Quit Smoking: Smoking increases insulin resistance and raises your diabetes risk.
- Limit Alcohol: Keep alcohol intake within NHS guidelines — too much can cause weight gain and affect blood sugar.
- Get Regular Health Checks: If you're at higher risk, ask your GP or pharmacist for a blood sugar check or NHS Health Check. Catching high blood sugar early (prediabetes) gives you a chance to reverse it.
Medication
- If lifestyle changes aren’t enough to control blood sugar, medication may be needed:
- Metformin – the most common first medicine, helps lower blood sugar
- Other tablets or injections may be added over time.
- Some people may eventually need insulin injections if other treatments don’t work
Living with type 2 diabetes
Living with Type 2 diabetes is completely manageable, and many people live full, healthy lives by staying on top of their care. It's vital to stick to healthy habits, take medication as prescribed and attend regular check-ups. It is also just as important to look after your mental health, as managing a long-term condition can be emotionally challenging; support from healthcare professionals, friends, and family can make a big difference. With the right support and small, consistent actions, you can take control and live well with Type 2 diabetes.
Keep on track with your Type 2 Diabetes by downloading our free checklist below.
Further Support
Diabetes UK Local Support Groups
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